Zihni Mert DumanI; Barış TimurII
DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2022-0008
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The heart and liver are two organs that are closely related. The Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) score is a developed scoring system for assessing liver function. The aims of this study were to examine the correlation between preoperative ALBI score and pulmonary artery pressure and to investigate its ability to predict heart valve surgery mortality outcomes.AF = Atrial fibrillation
AKI = Acute kidney injury
ALBI = Albumin-Bilirubin
ALT = Alanine aminotransferase
APTT = Activated partial thromboplastin time
AST = Aspartate aminotransferase
AUC = Area under the ROC curve
BUN = Blood urea nitrogen
CC = Cross-clamping
CI = Confidence interval
COPD = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPB = Cardiopulmonary bypass
CRE = Creatinine
DM = Diabetes mellitus
ECMO = Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
EuroSCORE = European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation
Hba1c = Glycosylated hemoglobin
Hgb = Hemoglobin
IABP = Intra-aortic balloon pump
ICU = Intensive care unit
INR = International normalized ratio
LVEF = Left ventricular ejection fraction
MELD = Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
NYHA = New York Heart Association
OR = Odds ratio
PAP = Pulmonary artery pressure
PLT = Platelet
ROC = Receiver operating characteristic
WBC = White blood cell
INTRODUCTION
The heart and liver are two organs that are closely related. Liver failure may develop in patients with right heart failure due to pulmonary arterial hypertension[1]. The clinical and prognostic value of the interaction between the heart and liver is not clearly known, and some studies show that the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, which is used for risk assessment in patients with liver failure, can also be used for risk assessment in cardiac surgery patients[2-4].
The Albumin-Bilirubin (ALBI) score was recommended by Johnson et al.[5] as an alternative to the Child-Pugh (or C-P) grade and the MELD score for risk assessment of liver function and subsequent long-term mortality in patients with liver disease. The ALBI score is a simpler test used to evaluate liver function that includes only serum albumin and bilirubin levels. This score is easier to calculate than the MELD score, and one of its advantages is that it is not affected by warfarin usage. In addition, the ALBI score is closely associated with hospital mortality in patients with heart failure as demonstrated in recent studies[6,7]. The ALBI score may be appropriate for preoperative risk analysis and evaluation of right heart failure due to pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients undergoing heart valve surgery.
The aims of this study were to examine the correlation between preoperative ALBI score and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and to investigate its ability to predict heart valve surgery mortality outcomes.
METHODS
Patients who underwent only valvular surgery were included in the study. The data of 872 patients who had undergone isolated and combined heart valve surgery from 2014 to 2021 in Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively screened. In the preoperative period, 152 patients with laboratory tests including albumin and total bilirubin were found and analyzed retrospectively. Exclusion criteria for this study were patients with known liver disease including positive hepatitis B antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus antigen and the patients who had to be operated in shock state or sepsis. Thirteen of these patients were excluded from the study, because they satisfied at least one of the exclusion criteria. The remaining 139 patients were included in the study to be analyzed. The baseline demographic data, echocardiographic data, performance status, laboratory data, operative data, and postoperative status were comprehensively collected and analyzed. PAP values were estimated from echocardiography.
The formula used to calculate the ALBI score is: (albumin × -0.085) + (log10 bilirubin × 0.66), where albumin is measured in g/L and bilirubin in μmol/L, as it was previously described in the literature[5]. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included other postoperative complications, acute kidney injury (AKI), pneumonia, and re-exploration for bleeding. We used Standard Society of Thoracic Surgeons definitions in the study[8]. Hospital mortality was defined as mortality occurring within 30 days postoperatively or without discharge.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out using IBM Corp. Released 2015, IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 23.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Descriptive statistics are reported as percentage for categoric variables and mean±standard deviation for continuous variables. Categorical variables were compared by a chi-squared analysis or Fisher’s exact test. Normal and abnormal continuous variables were compared by Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to find the appropriate cutoff value for the preoperative ALBI score. The ability of the ALBI score to predict hospital mortality was assessed using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Univariate analysis of hospital mortality was performed using logistic regression model. Multivariate analysis was performed with variables that were statistically significant in univariate analysis. The correlation between the variables was analyzed using the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Linear regression model was used for the relationship between PAP and ALBI score. Statistical tests were two-sided, and P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Our study was found ethically appropriate according to the decision of the Health Sciences University Mehmet Akif Ersoy Training and Research Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee (dated 04.06.2021; file number 2021/49).
RESULTS
After randomization and exclusion of patients, the remaining 139 patients were included into the study. Most of the patients were women (56.1%) and mean age was 55.6±12.51 years. Three valves in 14 (10.1%) patients, two valves in 70 (50.4%) patients, and one valve in 55 (39.5%) patients were either replaced or repaired. Fifteen patients undergone cardiac reoperation (10.8%). Table 1 shows different operation types that were performed on these patients.
| Type of surgery | N (%) |
|---|---|
| Isolated aortic valve surgery | 15 (10.8%) |
| Isolated mitral valve surgery | 38 (27.3%) |
| Combined mitral and tricuspid valve surgery | 50 (36%) |
| Combined aortic and mitral valve surgery | 20 (14.4%) |
| Combined aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve surgery | 16 (11.5%) |
| Reoperation | 15 (10.8%) |
Mean ALBI score was -2.53±0.57 and median ALBI score was -2.59. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to analyze the relationship between ALBI score and PAP. We found a positive correlation (r: 0.245, P=0.004) between ALBI score and PAP. By linear regression analysis, we found that every 1 increase in ALBI score resulted in an increase in PAP of 7.95 mmHg (P=0.015). The graph is shown in Figure 1.
In-hospital mortality occurred in 16 (11.5%) patients. ROC curve analysis was established using the preoperative ALBI score to predict in-hospital mortality. The cutoff for ALBI scores was calculated as -2.44 for predicting in-hospital mortality (sensitivity = 75.0%, specificity = 70%, likelihood ratio: 2.5). The AUC was 0.712 and P-value was 0.004 for ROC curve analysis. Figure 2 shows that the preoperative ALBI score had a significant positive relationship with in-hospital mortality.
Seventeen of the 139 patients in the study were operated for infective endocarditis. Among patients with infective endocarditis, in-hospital mortality occurred in four patients. ROC curve analysis was done using the preoperative ALBI score to predict in-hospital mortality, excluding patients with infective endocarditis. The AUC was 0.697 and P-value was 0.025 for ROC curve analysis for this group of patients.
According to the cutoff value, 49 patients had a high ALBI score (ALBI > -2.44, 35.3%) and 90 patients had a low ALBI score (ALBI ≤ -2.44, 64.7%). Preoperative laboratory values and demographic data of patients with low and high ALBI scores are shown in Table 2. Patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class 3-4 symptoms were more common in the high ALBI score group (P<0.001). Patients with a high European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II were more common in the group with high ALBI scores (P<0.037). Also, patients who had valve surgery for infective endocarditis were more common in the high ALBI score group (P=0.007). Although there was no difference in ejection fraction between the two groups in echocardiographic data, PAPs were higher in the group with higher ALBI scores (P=0.011). Compared to the preoperative laboratory values, only the international normalized ratio values were higher in the high ALBI score group (P=0.048). The rest of the demographical and laboratory data were statistically insignificant (P>0.05).
| ALBI score < -2.44 (n=90) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
ALBI score >-2.44 (n=49) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 55.32±12.665 | 56.12±12.360 | 0.805 |
| Sex (female) | 54 (60%) | 24 (48.9%) | 0.211 |
| NYHA class 3-4 | 36 (40%) | 29 (59.1%) | 0.00* |
| Preoperative atrial fibrillation | 22 (24.4%) | 18 (36.7%) | 0.148 |
| Infective endocarditis | 6 (6.6%) | 11 (22.4%) | 0.007* |
| LVEF | 54.77±9.44 | 55.20±9.62 | 0.727 |
| PAP | 40.91±17.31 | 48.86±19.66 | 0.011* |
| EuroSCORE II | 2.40±1.88 | 4.22±5.11 | 0.037* |
| Reoperation | 8 (9%) | 7 (14%) | 0.327 |
| DM | 22 (24.4%) | 9 (18.3%) | 0.411 |
| Renal failure | 13 (14.4%) | 9 (18.3%) | 0.545 |
| COPD | 22 (24.4%) | 12 (24.5%) | 0.995 |
| Preoperative laboratory values | |||
| WBC (109/L) | 8.08±1.99 | 9.63±3.48 | 0.244 |
| Hgb | 19.51±11.42 | 17.10±11.28 | 0.313 |
| PLT | 236.88±63.87 | 279.08±57.55 | 0.090 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.33±15.57 | 30.04±29.96 | 0.226 |
| AST (U/L) | 24.11±13.27 | 35.33±36.482 | 0.143 |
| BUN | 20.32±8.95 | 26.46±19.721 | 0.159 |
| CRE | 1.16±1.87 | 1.20±1.76 | 0.502 |
| Hba1c | 5.95±1.65 | 5.81±1.31 | 0.761 |
| APTT (s) | 29.88±6.46 | 30.16±5.71 | 0.301 |
| INR | 1.32±0.74 | 1.41±0.59 | 0.048* |
*P-value < 0.05 is statistically significant
ALBI=Albumin-Bilirubin; ALT=alanine aminotransferase; APTT=activated partial thromboplastin time; AST=aspartate aminotransferase; BUN=blood urea nitrogen; COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRE=creatinine; DM=diabetes mellitus; EuroSCORE=European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; Hba1c=glycosylated hemoglobin; Hgb=hemoglobin; INR=international normalized ratio; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA=New York Heart Association; PAP=pulmonary artery pressure; PLT=platelet; WBC=white blood cell
Perioperative data of patients with low and high ALBI scores are shown in Table 3. There was no statistical difference between re-exploration for bleeding, cross-clamping time, and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (P>0.05).
| ALBI score < -2.44 (n=90) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
ALBI score > -2.44 (n=49) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CC time | 90.59±36.180 | 96.04±36.487 | 0.371 |
| CPB time | 134.28±48.12 | 147.94±65.219 | 0.406 |
| Re-exploration for bleeding | 17 (18.9%) | 5 (10.2%) | 0.180 |
ALBI=Albumin-Bilirubin; CC=cross-clamping; CPB=cardiopulmonary bypass
Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors related to in-hospital mortality. High preoperative ALBI score (odds ratio [OR]: 3.83, P=0.004), NYHA class 3-4 symptoms (OR: 4.51, P=0.013), high EuroSCORE II (OR: 1.25, P=0.002), CPB time (OR: 1.02, P<0.001), and combined aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve surgery (OR: 6.78, P=0.002) were associated with hospital mortality in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis using the stepwise model shows that high preoperative ALBI score (OR: 3.37, P=0.036) and CPB time (OR: 1.02, P=0.001) are independently associated with hospital mortality. Univariate and multivariate mortality analyses are detailed in Table 4.
| Univariable analyses | Multivariable analyses | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| ALBI score | 3.83 | 1.55 - 9.49 | 0.004* | 3.37 | 1.09 - 10.5 | 0.036* |
| EuroSCORE II | 1.25 | 1.09 - 1.44 | 0.002* | 1.09 | 0.92 - 1.29 | 0.331 |
| Age (years) | 1.05 | 0.99 - 1.1 | 0.077 | |||
| NYHA class 3-4 | 4.51 | 1.38 - 14.86 | 0.013* | 3.14 | 0.71 - 14.5 | 0.134 |
| LVEF | 0.98 | 0.93 - 1.04 | 0.542 | |||
| PAP | 1.02 | 0.99 - 1.05 | 0.187 | |||
| DM | 1.18 | 0.35 - 3.97 | 0.783 | |||
| Renal failure | 2.83 | 0.87 - 9.17 | 0.082 | |||
| CPB time | 1.02 | 1.01 - 1.03 | < 0.001* | 1.02 | 1.01 - 1.03 | 0.001* |
| Combined aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valve surgery | 6.78 | 2.04 - 22.5 | 0.002* | 1.23 | 0.31 - 6.99 | 0.851 |
| Infective endocarditis surgery | 2.82 | 0.79 - 10.1 | 0.109 | |||
| Reoperation | 2.20 | 0.75 - 3.92 | 0.115 | |||
*P-value < 0.05 is statistically significant
ALBI=Albumin-Bilirubin; CI=confidence interval; CPB=cardiopulmonary bypass; DM=diabetes mellitus; EuroSCORE=European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; LVEF=left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA=New York Heart Association; OR=odds ratio; PAP=pulmonary artery pressure
Higher ALBI score was associated with an increased incidence of AKI (P=0.028) and hospital mortality (P<0.001). However, no significant differences were found for other complications (P>0.05). Table 5 shows the results of postoperative complications according to ALBI score of -2.44.
| ALBI score < -2.44 (n=90) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
ALBI score > -2.44 (n=49) N (%) or mean±standard deviation |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital mortality | 4 (4.4%) | 12 (24.5%) | < 0.001* |
| Ventilation time (days) | 2.23±453 | 5.16±8.27 | 0.214 |
| ICU stay (days) | 3.89±7.93 | 7.31±11.46 | 0.234 |
| Hospital stay (days) | 11.83±9.75 | 15.14±16.38 | 0.667 |
| Temporary pacemaker requirement | 14 (15.6%) | 7 (14.2%) | 0.842 |
| Permanent pacemaker requirement | 8 (8.8%) | 3 (6.1%) | 0.564 |
| AKI | 19 (21.1%) | 19 (38.8%) | 0.028* |
| Wound complication | 10 (11.1%) | 6 (12.2%) | 0.841 |
| ECMO | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.1%) | 0.054 |
| IABP | 3 (3.3%) | 2 (4.1%) | 0.821 |
| Postoperative AF | 16 (17.8%) | 9 (18.4%) | 0.931 |
*P-value < 0.05 is statistically significant.
AF=atrial fibrillation; AKI=acute kidney injury; ALBI=Albumin-Bilirubin; ECMO=extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IABP=intra-aortic balloon pump; ICU=intensive care unit
DISCUSSION
There are problems in liver functions due to chronic congestive hepatopathy in heart valve patients[9]. Abnormalities in liver function tests in the preoperative period affect the surgical condition of patients. Preoperative risk analysis and prediction of prognosis in patients are the cornerstones of surgical management. Problems in liver function tests are important risk factors that are not considered in the risk models used in cardiac surgery[10]. In our study, we used the ALBI score, a newly developed method for risk assessment of patients with liver disease, to evaluate the preoperative risk for mortality in heart valve surgery patients. The ALBI score, which uses only serum albumin and total bilirubin values, can be easily measured[5]. As demonstrated by other studies on the prognosis of liver diseases, the ALBI score is useful in determining the degree of liver dysfunction[11,12].
In our study, we found that the optimal ALBI cutoff value was -2.44, analyzed by the ROC curve to hospital mortality. This value is very close to the cutoff value (-2.6) between grades 1 and 2 in hepatectomy patients. We found that patients who were operated for infective endocarditis had NYHA classes 3 and 4 complaints, and those who had high PAP had higher ALBI scores. Low albumin levels, a negative acute phase reactant, due to sepsis developing in infective endocarditis patients cause an increase in ALBI score[13]. As expected, in our study, ALBI scores were higher in infective endocarditis cases.
We found a positive correlation between ALBI score and PAP. Every 1 change in ALBI score causes a 7.95 mmHg change in PAP. The relationship between high PAP and mortality in valve surgery has been shown in studies[14]. The correlation between PAP and ALBI score shows that ALBI score can be used safely in valve surgery to predict mortality as well. Also, as it is known, ALBI score has been shown to reflect right heart failure and related liver dysfunction in patients with acute heart failure[15]. Therefore, we suggest the use of ALBI score preoperatively to assess surgical risk.
Our study is the first to demonstrate the use of the ALBI scoring system in heart valve surgery to our knowledge. In our study, it was observed that patients with high ALBI scores in multivariate analysis had a higher mortality rate. In multivariate analysis, the ALBI score is a stronger predictor of hospital mortality compared to EuroSCORE II. Also, we think that the ALBI score is clinically important in the preoperative risk assessment phase in heart valve surgery because since more than one third of our study population has a high ALBI score, it is a strong variable in predicting postoperative hospital mortality and is easily measurable.
ALBI is a scoring system that only includes albumin and bilirubin levels of a patient. It’s easy to measure and calculate. Therefore, it is valuable for cardiac valvular surgical patients to foresee and predict mortality. Both albumin and bilirubin values are reachable and easy measures to calculate ALBI score. Previous scoring systems such as MELD are poor predictors of outcomes for cardiac patients[2]. Therefore, ALBI is an easy and cost-effective way to predict the mortality and can be used confidently in valvular surgery patients.
Limitations
Our study has some limitations. First, it only included data from a single-center and a small patient population. Due to the small population, hospital mortality and morbidity were relatively low. We did not investigate the long-term consequences of ALBI score. There is a need for multicenter and prospective studies to support the use of ALBI score, which may be a cost-effective way to predict mortality.
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Authors’Roles & Responsibilities
ZMD= Substantial contributions to the design of the work; and the analysis of data for the work; drafting the work; final approval of the version to be published
BT= Substantial contributions to the design of the work; revising the work critically for important intellectual content; final approval of the version to be published
Article receive on Friday, January 7, 2022
Article accepted on Tuesday, May 31, 2022
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