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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Radial artery for a wider arterial myocardial revascularization: microscopical anatomy and surgical technique

Luís Alberto DallanI; Sérgio Almeida de OliveiraI; Fábio B JateneI; Ricardo CorsoI; José Carlos R IglésiasI; Nadir PratesIII; Januário M SouzaII; Geraldo VerginelliI; Adib D JateneI

DOI: 10.1590/S0102-76381996000200005

ABSTRACT

The aim of our study is to determine the microscopical anatomy imunohistochemistry and electronical scanning analysis of the radial artery (RA); 269 patients underwent myocardial revascularization with a RA graft were studied, performing 319 RA anatomoses; 80.7% patients were male and 93.7% Caucasians. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was used in 246 patients at the present surgery and 17 LITA were used before (redo-operation), performing 97.8%. LITA conduits employed altogether. The patients received another additional conduits: 59 (21.9%) right internal thoracic arteries (RITA); 17 (6.3%) right gastroepiploic arteries (RGEA); 161 (59.8%) saphenous vein grafts. An average of 3.4 anastomoses/patient were constructed. There was no post-operative complications such as ischemia or infection envolving the hand with interruption of the RA supply. The RA immunohistochemistry and electronical scanning microscopy showed that the internal elastic layer is developed and the media layer presented muscular fibers sheafs surrounded by collagen fibers more than elastic fibers. The post-operative complications include respiratory distress (21 -7.8%), atrial fibrillation (21 -7.8%), and enzymatic or electrocardiographic signs (12-4.5%) of acute myocardial infarction. Six (2.2%) patients needed mechanical support with intraortic balloon pump. Early angiographic controls have been performed in 21 patients. One patient developed RA dissection during the angiographic study; in all other patients the RA patency was 100%. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 2.2% (6 patients). Recently, different arrangements of the arterial grafts were adopted to achieve a more complete myocardial revascularization. The RA are frequently employed to sequential anastomosis with the inferior and lateral left ventricular coronaries. The RA proximal anastomosis is often performed with the LITA. Both the RGEA and the RITA are used as complementar arterial grafts. From 64 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization with RA last 3 months, 2 arterial conduits were performed in 62 (96.9%) patients, 3 arterial conduits were performed in 27 (42.2%) patients and 4 or 5 arterial conduits were performed in 8 (12.5%). Although the pedicled internal thoracic artery graft remains the primary arterial conduit for myocardial revascularization, the radial artery is an excellent additional bypass conduit.

RESUMO

A artéria radial (AR) foi estudada sob o ponto de vista anatômico, histológico, imunohistoquímico e ultramicroscópico. Paralelamente, foram analisados os resultados de seu emprego na revascularização do miocárdio de 269 pacientes. No total, 319 artérias coronárias foram revascularizadas pela AR. Houve predomínio do sexo masculino (80,7%) e da raça branca (93,7%). A artéria torácica interna esquerda (ATIe) foi empregada em 246 pacientes. Outros 17 já haviam sido previamente revascularizados com a ATIe, perfazendo um total de 97,8%. A artéria torácica interna direita (ATId) foi empregada em 59 (21,9%) pacientes, a artéria gastroepiplóica direita (AGEd) em 17 (6,3%) pacientes e em 161 (59,8%) foram também realizadas 1 a 4 pontes de veia safena. A média de enxertos por paciente foi de 3,4. Não houve complicações isquémicas ou infecciosas no membro em que a AR foi retirada. Os estudos imuno-histoquímicos e ultramicroscópicos permitiram observar o grande espessamento da membrana limitante elástica interna da AR e o predomínio de fibras colágenas sobre as elásticas na camada média. As principais complicações pósoperatórias foram a fibrilação atrial em 21 (7,8%) pacientes, insuficiência respiratória em 21 (7,8%), alterações no ECG e/ou elevação de CKMB em 12 (4,5%) pacientes. O balão intra-aórtico foi utilizado em 6 (2,2%) pacientes. O cateterismo no pós-operatório precoce foi realizado em 21 pacientes. Em 1 paciente houve dissecção sem oclusão do óstio da AR pelo cateter, 1 (4,7%) apresentou sinais de espasmo da AR; nos demais a AR encontrava-se pérvia e sem lesões. Houve 6 (2,2%) óbitos hospitalares, sendo 3 por acidente vascular cerebral, 2 por baixo débito cardíaco e 1 paciente teve morte súbita. Nos últimos meses temos visado à revascularização miocárdica com o emprego máximo de enxertos arteriais. Como tática especial usamos a AR para anastomoses seqüenciais com as artérias de parede inferior e lateral do ventrículo esquerdo. A anastomose do coto proximal é realizada na ATIe que, por sua vez, é habitualmente anastomosada ao ramo interventricular anterior (RIA). As artérias AGEd e ATId in situ ou, como enxerto livre, têm complementado o procedimento. Dentre 64 pacientes operados nos últimos 3 meses com a utilização da AR, 62 (96,9%) receberam pelo menos 2 enxertos arteriais, 27 (42,2%) receberam pelo menos 3 enxertos arteriais e 8 (12,5%) pacientes receberam 4 ou 5 enxertos arteriais. Em 29 (45,3%) deles a AR foi anastomosada à ATIe ou ATId. Acreditamos que essa técnica reduza a excessiva pressão conseqüente à anastomose direta da AR na aorta e que o maior fluxo decorrente das anastomoses seqüenciais auxilie na manutenção da perviabilidade da AR. A despeito de considerarmos o enxerto pediculado da ATIe o principal método de revascularização do miocárdio, os resultados preliminares indicam que a AR constitui uma excelente via complementar na busca da revascularização completa do miocárdio com enxertos arteriais.
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